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After sanctions were imposed over its war in Ukraine, Russia has defaulted on its foreign debt for the first time since the Bolshevik Revolution more than a century ago, further alienating the country from the global financial system.
Moscow owes $US100 million ($144 million) in interest on one bond priced in dollars and another priced in euros that was originally due on May 27.
A 30-day grace period expired on Sunday (local time). A day later, the rating agency Moody’s declared the country in default.
Last month, the US Treasury Department ended Russia’s ability to pay its billions in debt back to international investors through American banks.
In response, the Russian Finance Ministry said it would pay dollar-denominated debts in roubles and offer “the opportunity for subsequent conversion into the original currency”.
Before Moody’s declaration, it was largely believed that Russia was in default.
“For all practical purposes, Russia is in default,” said Jay S Auslander, a sovereign debt lawyer at the firm of Wilk Auslander in New York.
“The 30-day grace period has expired. Bondholders do not have their money.”
Russia says it has the money to pay its debts but Western sanctions had created “artificial obstacles” by freezing its foreign currency reserves held abroad.
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters there were “no grounds to call this situation a default”, saying Russia had paid but it could not be processed because of sanctions.
The other side argued that “this happened because of sanctions, but sanctions were fully in [Russia’s] control”, Mr Auslander said.
“All of this was under your control, because all you had to do was not invade Ukraine.”
Here are key things to know about a Russian default.
How much does Russia owe?
About $US40 billion ($58 billion) in foreign-currency bonds, about half of that was sold to foreigner buyers.
Before the start of the war, Russia had around $US640 billion ($922 billion) in foreign currency and gold reserves, much of which was held overseas and is now frozen.
Russia has not defaulted on its international debts since the Bolshevik Revolution, when the Russian Empire collapsed and the Soviet Union was created.
Russia defaulted on its domestic debts in the late 1990s but was able to recover from that default with the help of international aid.
However, it has effectively been in default for months in the eyes of bond investors, said Liam Peach, an economist specialising in emerging European markets at Capital Economics.
Insurance contracts that cover Russian debt have priced an 80 per cent likelihood of default for weeks, and rating agencies such as Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s have placed the country’s debt deep into junk territory.
How do you know if a country is in default?
Rating agencies are typically the entities that will declare default in Western financial markets, which happened on Monday.
A court also can decide the issue. Bondholders who have credit default swaps — contracts that act like insurance policies against default — can ask a committee of financial firm representatives to decide whether a failure to pay debt should trigger a payout, which still isn’t a formal declaration of default.
The Credit Derivatives Determinations Committees — an industry group of banks and investment funds — would likely flag a “credit event”, Mr Peach said.
Mr Auslander agreed that the panel would “declare Russia in default in due time”.
The committee ruled on June 7 that Russia had failed to pay required additional interest after making a payment on a bond after the April 4 due date.
However, the committee put off taking further action, due to uncertainty over how sanctions might affect any settlement.
What would be the impact of Russia’s default?
Western sanctions over the war have sent foreign companies fleeing from Russia and interrupted the country’s trade and financial ties with the rest of the world.
Default would be one more symptom of that isolation and disruption.
A default would not affect the Russian economy right now because the country has not borrowed internationally in years amid sanctions and is making lots of money from exporting commodities such as oil and natural gas, said Chris Weafer, a veteran Russian economy analyst at consulting firm Macro-Advisory.
But in the longer term, when the war has resolved and Russia tries to rebuild its economy, “this is where the legacy of default will be a problem”, he said.
“It’s a bit like if an individual or if a company gets a bad credit score, it takes years to get over that.”
Investment analysts are cautiously reckoning that a Russia default would not have the kind of impact on global financial markets and institutions that came from the earlier default in 1998.
Back then, Russia’s default on domestic rouble bonds led the US government to step in and get banks to bail out Long-Term Capital Management, a large US hedge fund whose collapse, it was feared, could have shaken the wider financial and banking system.
Holders of the bonds — for instance, funds that invest in emerging-market bonds — could take serious losses. Russia, however, played only a small role in emerging-market bond indexes, limiting the losses to fund investors.
“The spillovers to the rest of the world should be limited,” Mr Peach said.
However, a Russian default could have a ripple effect by adding pressure on global debt markets and making investors more risk-averse and less-willing to advance money, which “very well could lead to further defaults in other emerging markets”, Mr Weafer said.
What can investors do?
The formal way to declare default is if 25 per cent or more of bondholders say they didn’t get their money.
Once that happens, provisions say all Russia’s other foreign bonds are also in default, and bondholders could then seek a court judgement to enforce payment.
In normal circumstances, investors and the defaulting government typically negotiate a settlement in which bondholders are given new bonds that are worth less but that at least give them some partial compensation.
However, sanctions bar dealings with Russia’s Finance Ministry. And no one knows when the war will end nor how much defaulted bonds could wind up being worth.
In this case, declaring default and suing “might not be the wisest choice”, Mr Auslander said.
It was not possible to negotiate with Russia and there were so many unknowns, so creditors might decide to “hang tight for now”, he said.
Investors who wanted out of Russian debt have probably already headed for the exits, leaving those who might have bought their bonds at knocked-down prices in hopes of profiting from a settlement in the long run.
And they might want to keep a low profile for a while, to avoid being associated with the war.
Once a country defaults, it can be cut off from bond-market borrowing until the default is sorted out and investors regain confidence in the government’s ability and willingness to pay.
However, Russia has already been cut off from Western capital markets, so any return to borrowing is a long way off anyway.
The Kremlin can still borrow roubles at home, where it mostly relies on Russian banks to buy its bonds.
AP
